NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. It plays a crucial role in various cellular processes.

1. Energy production: NAD+ is involved in the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of cells.
2. Mitochondrial function: NAD+ is essential for the proper functioning of mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells.

1. DNA repair: NAD+ is required for the activation of PARP-1, an enzyme involved in DNA repair.
2. Cellular cleaning: NAD+ activates sirtuins, which are involved in autophagy, a natural process that removes damaged cellular components.

1. Gene regulation: NAD+ influences the activity of sirtuins, which regulate gene expression and epigenetic modifications.
2. Epigenetic regulation: NAD+ plays a role in the regulation of epigenetic marks, which affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

1. Aging: NAD+ levels decline with age, contributing to the development of age-related diseases.
2. Longevity: Maintaining adequate NAD+ levels has been linked to improved healthspan and longevity.

1. Rapid increase in NAD+ levels: Subcutaneous administration leads to a quick increase in NAD+ levels, which can help to rapidly improve energy metabolism.
2. Improved mental clarity and focus: Many users report improved mental clarity, focus, and reduced brain fog within hours of administration.
3. Enhanced athletic performance: NAD+ supplementation can improve muscle function, endurance, and reduce fatigue, making it beneficial for athletes.
4. Reduced inflammation: NAD+ has anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the short term.

1. Mitochondrial biogenesis: NAD+ supplementation can stimulate the production of new mitochondria, leading to improved energy metabolism and reduced oxidative stress.
2. Improved insulin sensitivity: Long-term NAD+ supplementation can improve insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
3. Enhanced cellular cleaning: NAD+ activates sirtuins, which are involved in autophagy, a natural process that removes damaged cellular components.
4. Reduced DNA damage: NAD+ can help reduce DNA damage by activating PARP-1, an enzyme involved in DNA repair.
5. Improved epigenetic regulation: NAD+ influences epigenetic regulation, which can lead to improved gene expression and reduced age-related diseases.

1. Increased healthspan: By improving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress, NAD+ supplementation may help increase healthspan, the period of life spent in good health.
2. Delayed aging: Some research suggests that NAD+ supplementation can delay aging by improving telomere length, reducing senescence, and promoting cellular rejuvenation.
3. Reduced age-related diseases: By improving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress, NAD+ supplementation may help reduce the risk of age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and cardiovascular disease.